轮胎压实对机具牵引阻力的影响

研究了华北平原小麦、玉米一年两熟区固定道保护性耕作对机具田间牵引阻力的影响,对比分析了固定道与非固定道处理下机具田间作业的滚动阻力、开沟器牵引阻力和总牵引阻力.与非固定道保护性耕作时深松、小麦和玉米播种作业相比,固定道保护性耕作下机组总牵引阻力分别降低14.6%、13.3%和13.3%;滚动阻力分别降低26.9%、21.9%和19.7%,平均降低22.9%;机具牵引阻力分别降低7.5%、7.2%和12.4%,平均降低8.8%.固定道处理的开沟器牵引阻力平均比非固定道处理降低22.0%.与非固定道相比,固定道总牵引油耗在3种作业时分别降低17.6%、12.4%和9.1%.试验结果表明,固定道保护性耕作显著降低机具田间牵引阻力,减少了机具田间作业油耗.     

Yield and soil system changes from conservation tillage in dryland farming: A case study from North Eastern Tanzania

Yield levels in smallholder farming systems in semi-arid sub-Saharan Africa are generally low. Water shortage in the root zone during critical crop development stages is a fundamental constraining factor. While there is ample evidence to show that conservation tillage can promote soil health, it has recently been suggested that the main benefit in semi-arid farming systems may in fact be an in situ water harvesting effect. In this paper we present the result from an on-farm conservation tillage experiment (combining ripping with mulch and manure application) that was carried out in North Eastern Tanzania from 2005 to 2008. Special attention was given to the effects of the tested treatment on the capacity of the soil to retain moisture. The tested conservation treatment only had a clear yield increasing effect during one of the six experimental seasons (maize grain yields increased by 41%, and biomass by 65%), and this was a season that received exceptional amounts of rainfall (549 mm). While the other seasons provided mixed results, there seemed to be an increasing yield gap between the conservation tillage treatment and the control towards the end of the experiment, and cumulatively the yield increased with 17%. Regarding soil system changes, small but significant effects on chemical and microbiological properties, but not on physical properties, were observed. This raises questions about the suggested water harvesting effect and its potential to contribute to stabilized yield levels under semi-arid conditions. We conclude that, at least in a shorter time perspective, the tested type of conservation tillage seems to boost productivity during already good seasons, rather than stabilize harvests during poor rainfall seasons. Highlighting the challenges involved in upgrading these farming systems, we discuss the potential contribution of conservation tillage towards improved water availability in the crop root zone in a longer term perspective.     

Using auction mechanisms to reveal costs for water quality improvements in Great Barrier Reef catchments in Australia

There is increasing interest in the use of market-based instruments such as tenders and trading systems to address water quality issues. While the focus is typically on the improvements in resource allocation that are generated, these instruments also play an important role in addressing issues of asymmetric information. The use of water quality tenders to reveal the opportunity costs of changing agricultural practices can help policy makers to understand the potential costs of misallocating public resources and to design better ways of achieving water quality improvements. This role of water quality tenders to reveal opportunity costs is demonstrated by reporting four pilot applications to improve water quality into the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. The results demonstrate the potential for opportunity costs to vary substantially between agricultural producers, and across industries, catchments and pollutants. The results from these case studies indicate that the most cost-effective water quality improvements may be generated from the horticulture and dairy sectors. In contrast, the opportunity costs of reducing emissions from the cane and grazing industries appear to be higher.     

2BMQJ6型气吸式玉米免耕播种机的研制

针对现有的型孔轮式、组合内窝孔式玉米免耕播种机对种子尺寸要求高、适应性差等问题,研制开发了一种对种子尺寸要求低、适应性强的用于小麦收割后直接播种的气吸式玉米免耕播种机。该机主要由机架、风机、划印器、播种单体、施肥系统和传动系统等组成,可一次性完成破茬、施肥、开沟、播种、覆土、镇压等作业。田间试验结果表明:该机的粒距合格指数≥8 5%,重播指数≤1 0%,漏播指数≤5%,种子破损率≤0.5%,性能指标优于行业标准;机具结构设计合理,作业时土壤扰动小,满足高速精密播种质量要求。     

农田轻便土壤悬虚镇压器的研制与应用

针对目前旋耕机大面积应用造成的农作物播前或播后土壤悬虚现状,提出了农田轻便土壤悬虚镇压器研制的指导思想。研制出的镇压器主要包括牵引装置、轴承、压辊装置3部分,可满足不同农田所需镇压深度的要求,并对其提出了合理的工作参数。该机具克服了以住镇压辊质量固定、携带不便等缺点,灵活轻便、无需配套动力、生产和作业成本低、作业效率高,经不同农田镇压效果良好。     

保护性耕作模式下非化学除草技术的研究

随着保护性耕作技术的发展,杂草问题逐渐成为影响保护性耕作效益的重要问题,大规模使用除草剂导致的抗药性和环境污染问题,日益受到重视。为此,综合分析了在保护性耕作技术模式下,国内外采用的各种非化学除草技术的特点和发展现状,从而为确定适合我国特色的除草技术提供技术指导。     

凤城地区保护性耕作应用经验探讨

为提高凤城地区玉米生产的可持续性,根据当地的农业基本情况,探讨在该地区实行保护性耕作技术的重要意义,总结该地区实施该技术的具体情况、采取的主要措施和取得的生态、社会、经济效益。     

保护性耕作在三江平原的应用研究

保护性耕作是相对于传统耕作的一种新的耕作技术,是以作物秸秆还田和免耕,少耕技术相结合来进行农业生产的。为此,阐述了保护性耕作的实质及关键技术组成,并结合三江平原农业生产现状分析了实施保护性耕作的可行性,同时介绍了三江平原实施保护性耕作的应用情况。     

日本设施栽培土壤热水消毒技术的发展现状

简要说明了土壤物理消毒技术的基本方法和原理,着重介绍了日本土壤热水消毒法的发展过程,土壤热水消毒的主要设备、基本作业步骤、土壤热水消毒的功效。     

根系生长与土壤物理性状之间的关系

根系生长在土壤之中,土壤物理条件的改变会对根系生长产生直接或间接的影响.为此,通过分析土壤主要物理条件,对土壤物理环境与作物生长之间的关系进行了评述,并对目前研究中存在的不足及今后需深入的研究领域提出了建议.